Restorative Interior Design to Renew Attention and Reduce Stress in Small Residential Units

The shift toward urbanization and increased remote work during the pandemic has amplified the demand for small residential units designed for productivity, stress reduction, and well-being. This study examines restorative interior environments in compact spaces, using six virtual models that combine Rectilinear and Curvilinear forms with Minimal, Natural, and Rustic styles. Evaluated by 89 participants through VR simulations and PRS questionnaires, all restorative designs outperformed the non-restorative control. The Rectilinear-Minimal and Curvilinear-Natural combinations received the highest ratings, emphasizing the significance of individual preferences and environmental coherence. Interestingly, nature-inspired curves and materials did not meet expected outcomes, underscoring that effective restorative design requires more than just adding natural elements. These findings guide the creation of residential spaces that enhance well-being and productivity, particularly for remote work and extended stays in compact living environments.